Glyclolysis
This process occurs in the cytoplasm unlike the other two.
Glycolysis is the breaking down of Glucose to produce 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid 1
Glycolysis is the breaking down of Glucose to produce 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid 1
Steps of Glycolysis
|
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Glycolysis
Advantages
|
Disadvantages
|
What happens to the Pyruvic Acid
Structure of the Mitochondria1. Outer Membrane
2. Inner Membrane This place contains folds and loops called cristae. 3. Matrix This is where the Krebs Cycle occurs 4. Cristae The cristae increases the surface area for the reactions during the process of respiration. The Electron Transport Chain occurs along the membranes of Crisate. (1) |
The next reaction is called
"THE BRIDGE REACTION"
It is known as the bridge between the Cytoplasm and the Mitochondria, Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration, and Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.
_____________________________
Steps of the Bridge Reaction
"THE BRIDGE REACTION"
It is known as the bridge between the Cytoplasm and the Mitochondria, Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration, and Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.
_____________________________
Steps of the Bridge Reaction
1. Pyruvic acid enters the Mitochondria
|
THE KREBS CYCLE
The Krebs Cycle is a biochemical route that makes use of the Acetyl-CoA molecules which were produced in the Bridge Reactions. The Krebs Cycle produces:
Hydrogen Atoms
ATP
Carbon Dioxide
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the Mitochondria.
The Krebs Cycle is named so, to honor Hans Krebs for his discoveries regarding this topic. (1)
Hydrogen Atoms
ATP
Carbon Dioxide
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the Mitochondria.
The Krebs Cycle is named so, to honor Hans Krebs for his discoveries regarding this topic. (1)
Steps of the Krebs Cycle
Refer to the diagram for a better understanding
|
LETS SUMMARIZE !!!
NAD+ and FAD are also electron carriers, just like NADP+ which is used in Photosynthesis. The two electron carriers of the Krebs Cycle will be used to transport the "high energy electrons" of hydrogen to the Electron Transport Chain.
FOR ONE MOLECULE OF PYRUVIC ACID, THE FOLLOWING IS PRODUCED IN THE KREBS CYCLE:
2 CO2
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
BUT GLUCOSE WAS BROKEN DOWN INTO 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID, SO THE FOLLOWING WAS PRODUCED IN THE KREBS CYCLE PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2.
NOW, WHAT HAPPENS TO ALL THIS???
THE CO2 ( CARBON DIOXIDE ) is released into the air when you exhale.
THE ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) is utilized in cellular activites .
THE NADH & FADH2 will be used in the Electron Transport Chain, to generate tremedous amounts of ATP. (1)
FOR ONE MOLECULE OF PYRUVIC ACID, THE FOLLOWING IS PRODUCED IN THE KREBS CYCLE:
2 CO2
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
BUT GLUCOSE WAS BROKEN DOWN INTO 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID, SO THE FOLLOWING WAS PRODUCED IN THE KREBS CYCLE PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2.
NOW, WHAT HAPPENS TO ALL THIS???
THE CO2 ( CARBON DIOXIDE ) is released into the air when you exhale.
THE ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) is utilized in cellular activites .
THE NADH & FADH2 will be used in the Electron Transport Chain, to generate tremedous amounts of ATP. (1)
The Electron Transport Chain
is made up of:
a series of Proteins that are attached to the cristae of the Mitochondria in a Eukaryotic Cell.
In Prokaryotic Cells, the Electron Transport Chain occurs along the cell membrane.
In this stage, NADH and FADH2 are going to:
release hydrogen atoms
&
generate energy to produce ATP's. (1)
Steps of the Electron Transport Chain
|
5. This energy pumps Hydrogen Proteins (H+) across the membrane from the matrix of the mitochondria to the inner membrane space. The Hydrogen Protons are pumped against the "concentration gradient" from an area of low concentration in the matrix, to an area of high concentration in the inner membrane space.
6. There is now a high concentration of hydrogen in inner membrane space, and a low concentration in the matrix 7. Enzymes known as ATP synthases are attached to the mitochondrial membranes. Hydrogen ions flow through ATP Synthase to the matrix, the area of low concentration. 8. The Hydrogen flowing through ATP Synthase results in the spinning of a Rotor. Each time it rotates, an ADP is converted to an ATP by the attachment of one phosphate group. (1) |
RECAP OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN